IELTS Reading: Task 6, Matching Headings
Matching Headings
Matching Headings is used in both General Training and Academic Exams and is considered one of the most difficult exam questions. This question type can have you read up to 8 related paragraphs and ask you to match them to as many as 9 possible headings. Test takers will have to utilize similar skills as found in other question types: scanning for particular information, recognizing synonymous language for keywords from the answer prompt, and paraphrasing. However, if you can locate the topic sentence of the individual paragraphs, it proves to be quite easy.
The topic sentence of a paragraph contains the essential items that are always found in the answer ‘Heading’: The topic and the controlling idea or main idea.
Note: when you are Reading, you are looking for the main idea of the paragraph (when you are the writer, you write the controlling idea – they are the same, but different when looked at from a different perspective). So, the main idea will be mentioned in the answer heading, but it may be obscured by the way the sentence is paraphrased in the text or by the synonymous language used.
Procedure:
- Find the topic sentence of a paragraph in Matching Headings
- Understand what the topic sentence means
- Scan for the keywords of the topic sentence in the List of Heading
- Record your answer on the answer sheet
You may have noticed that test-takers should not start with the List of Headings (to read through them a first time when starting the task); rather, accuracy increases by going to Paragraph A and finding the topic sentence, first, then reading the List of Headings!
This task is assessing your ability to find a Topic sentence in a paragraph. Luckily, most topic sentences are found with the 1st sentence of the paragraph, but there are a couple of variations you need to be aware of.
- The buried topic sentences.
“France was ruled by monarchs for a period of 1362 years up until 1848. Though most died of illness or old age, many suffered at the hands of their countrymen. Louis XVI, for example, lost his throne during the French Revolution of 1789 and was eventually guillotined in 1793. His wife, Marie Antoinette, was executed later the same year. Several French monarchs were assassinated or poisoned. After the July Revolution of 1830 the then reigning king, Charles X, fled France with his life under threat. He was succeeded to the crown by Louis-Philippe d’Orleans, who several years later, fearing for his life, fled to England booking passage under the pseudonym, Mr. Smith. Louis-Philippe, or Mr Smith, was the last of the French monarchs.” (historyextra.com)
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Test-takers should be aware that an author can move their topic sentence to different positions within a paragraph. In the above example, the first sentence is a fact. Remember the essential parts of a paragraph:
- Topic sentence
- Support
iii. Detail
- Conclusion
A fact is usually ‘detail’ or ‘an example’ used to ‘prove’ a Support sentence, so ‘the fact that France was ruled 1362 years’ should be recognized as a fact. This is a typical move by any writer to ‘draw attention to’ or ‘draw interest’ to their writing – make the reader want to read the paragraph in any event. In the next sentence the main idea is found, but notice it is a complex sentence written in a DC, IC form. Here the Dependent clause (DC) mentions that many rulers of France died in the usual ways, but it is the Independent clause (IC); which is always the most important part of a complex sentence, that the main idea is found: “many suffered at the hands of their countrymen”. This main idea is verified because the rest of the paragraph describes the terrible deaths of some of the kings.
Note: Check the first sentence of a paragraph to see what part of a paragraph it is by asking yourself Is this a topic sentence, a support sentence, an example or detail, or a concluding sentence? If you can identify the sentence’s purpose in the paragraph, you will always be led to the main idea found in the topic sentence.
- It is a ‘Heading’!
Sometimes you will find the topic sentence and locate the main idea but find 2 Headings in the list that are close in meaning. It is a best practice then to think of the ‘Heading’ as like a ‘Newspaper Heading’, where the topic or main idea is given about the article, but you have to read other sentences to help you decide just which ‘Heading’ is correct.
Questions 1 – 8
The text on the pages below has 8 paragraphs (A – H).
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number (i – ix) in boxes 1 – 8 on your answer sheet.
i. Fair Prospect Policies
ii. Presence and Scheduling Policies iii. Drug Policies iv. Worker dating Policy v. Security Policies vi. Computer Devise Policy vii. Outlines the roles for employees and employers viii. Bullying Policy ix. Suitable Behaviour Policy |
Company Policies & Procedures
A. Company policies and procedures establish the rules of conduct within an organization, outlining the responsibilities of both employees and employers. Company policies and procedures are in place to protect the rights of workers as well as the business interests of employers. Depending on the needs of the organization, various policies and procedures establish rules regarding employee conduct, attendance, dress code, privacy, and other areas related to the terms and conditions of employment.
B. An employee conduct policy establishes the duties and responsibilities each employee must adhere to as a condition of employment. Conduct policies are in place as a guideline for appropriate employee behavior and they outline things such as proper dress code, workplace safety procedures, harassment policies, and policies regarding computer and Internet usage. Such policies also outline the procedures employers may utilize to discipline inappropriate behavior, including warnings or employee termination.
C. Companies are increasingly paying attention to bullying behavior as a serious issue and beginning to adopt policies in this area as well. Anti-bullying policies focus on repeated hostile behaviors, identify reporting mechanisms and describe the consequences for employees who engage in persistent bullying behavior. D. Equal opportunity laws are rules that promote fair treatment in the workplace. Most organizations implement equal opportunity policies – anti-discrimination and affirmative action policies, for example – to encourage unprejudiced behavior within the workplace. These policies discourage inappropriate behavior from employees, supervisors, and independent contractors in regard to the race, gender, sexual orientation, or religious and cultural beliefs of another person within the organization. E. Attendance policies set rules and guidelines surrounding employee adherence to work schedules. Attendance policies define how employees may schedule time off or notify superiors of an absence or late arrival. This policy also sets forth the consequences for failing to adhere to a schedule. For example, employers may allow only a certain number of absences within a specified time frame. The attendance policy discusses the disciplinary action employees face if they miss more days than the company allows. F. Many companies have substance abuse policies that prohibit the use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco products during work hours on company property or during company functions. These policies often outline smoking procedures employees must follow if allowed to smoke on business premises. Substance abuse policies also discuss the testing procedures for suspected drug and alcohol abuse. G. Policies on security are in place to protect not only the people in an organization but the physical and intellectual property as well. Policies may cover the entrance to a facility, such as the use of ID cards and the procedures for signing in a guest. Equipment such as a company laptop or smartphone may need to be signed out. H. Computer security is a high priority for firms these days. Policies cover a variety of topics, such as the frequency for changing passwords, reporting phishing attempts, and log-on procedures. Use of personal devices, such as a USB drive you bring from home, may also be restricted to prevent to unintended spread of computer viruses and other malware. |
Scott, S. (2019, February 5). Examples of Company Policies & Procedures. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-company-policies-procedures-10995.html
Answers:
- A. – vii.
- B. – ix.
- C. – viii.
- D. – i.
- E. – ii.
- F. – iii.
- G. – v.
- H.– vi.